Oxford / UCL
Oxford / UCLTARA

Test of Academic Reasoning for Admissions

Format
3 × 40 min
Questions
22 + 22 MCQs + 1 essay
Restrictions
No calculator / dictionary
Scores
CT / PS each 1.0 – 9.0
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TARAOriginal bank · Detecting Reasoning ErrorsOxford / UCL
1Single Choice (1 pts)
Last year, the government introduced a programme offering free museum entry for all under-18s. In the same year, youth crime fell by 8%. This shows that providing young people with access to cultural activities reduces criminal behaviour.
Which one of the following best expresses the flaw in the above argument?
Pick an option

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1Single Choice (1 pts)
Find the value of r=1991r(r+1)\sum_{r=1}^{99} \frac{1}{r(r+1)}
A.
9899\dfrac{98}{99}
B.
99100\dfrac{99}{100}
C.
100101\dfrac{100}{101}
D.
11
E.
99101\dfrac{99}{101}

Something wrong with this question?

Incorrect

Answer: B

AI Error Analysis

Why you got it wrong

Youtelescopedcorrectly,butstoppedonebracketearly:youevaluated
11991-\tfrac{1}{99}
insteadof
111001-\tfrac{1}{100}
.

Root cause

With
rr
runningupto
nn
,thetermleftatthetailis
1n+1\tfrac{1}{n+1}
,not
1n\tfrac{1}{n}
.

Concepts to review

  • Telescoping sumsMisunderstood
    Write the final bracket out in full before you cancel anything.
  • Summation limitsForgotten
    Substitute r=nr=n into the second fraction, not the first.

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Practise

ExplanationHide

Step 1. Split the term. Partial fractions on 1r(r+1)\frac{1}{r(r+1)} give Ar+Br+1\frac{A}{r}+\frac{B}{r+1} with A(r+1)+Br=1A(r+1)+Br=1. Putting r=0r=0 gives A=1A=1; putting r=1r=-1 gives B=1B=-1:
1r(r+1)=1r1r+1\frac{1}{r(r+1)} = \frac{1}{r} - \frac{1}{r+1}
Step 2. Write the sum out in full. The interior terms cancel in pairs:
(112)+(1213)+(1314)++(1991100)\left(1-\tfrac{1}{2}\right)+\left(\tfrac{1}{2}-\tfrac{1}{3}\right)+\left(\tfrac{1}{3}-\tfrac{1}{4}\right)+\cdots+\left(\tfrac{1}{99}-\tfrac{1}{100}\right)
Every 1k-\tfrac{1}{k} meets a +1k+\tfrac{1}{k} in the next bracket, so only the first and the last term survive.
Step 3. Read off the general result.
r=1n1r(r+1)=11n+1=nn+1\sum_{r=1}^{n}\frac{1}{r(r+1)} = 1 - \frac{1}{n+1} = \frac{n}{n+1}
Step 4. Sanity check on a small case. For n=3n=3 the sum is 12+16+112=6+2+112=34\tfrac{1}{2}+\tfrac{1}{6}+\tfrac{1}{12}=\tfrac{6+2+1}{12}=\tfrac{3}{4}, and the formula gives 33+1=34\tfrac{3}{3+1}=\tfrac{3}{4}. It holds.
Step 5. Substitute. Here n=99n = 99, so the sum is 11100=991001 - \tfrac{1}{100} = \tfrac{99}{100}, which is B.
Check the upper limit. The last bracket is (1991100)\left(\tfrac{1}{99}-\tfrac{1}{100}\right), not (198199)\left(\tfrac{1}{98}-\tfrac{1}{99}\right). Stop one bracket early and you get 9899\tfrac{98}{99}, which is option A.

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